Instituciones de mercado, reforma en europa del este y teoría económica

El derrumbe de los estados totalitarios ha renovado el interés por las instituciones. Este trabajo muestra que la transición del socialismo a economías de mercado exige desarrollar muchas instituciones, incluido el mercado mismo. Se requiere establecer un nuevo sistema de derechos de propiedad para construir un mercado donde estos se transfieran en forma rutinaria. La rutinización requiere una estructura legal del Estado para regular las transferencias y resolver los conflictos entre las partes. La experiencia de Europa de Este muestra la pobreza del enfoque neoclásico que supone dadas a las instituciones: no puede considerar en forma adecuada la estructura legal que provee el Estado para establecer y legitimar los derechos de propiedad, ni la regulación estatal generalizada inherente al capitalismo del siglo veinte. Al suponer el comportamiento económico puede separarse de las especifidades de cada sociedad, cae en errores conceptuales que llevan a un optimismo infundado sobre la reforma económica y a una visión ingenua de la privatización. En las fases iniciales, la construcción del Estado puede ser la mejor estrategia de una reforma económica exitosa. Irónicamente, la mejor ayuda que puedan prestar los gobiernos occidentales es apoyar el desarrollo de las instituciones estatales que fijen las reglas para organizar el intercambio.The crumbling of the totalitarian States has renewed interest in the institutions. This article shows that the transition from socialism to a market economy entails the development of a number of institutions, including the market itself. A new system of ownershíp has to be worked out to form a market where ownership can be easily transferred. The ease of transfer is a matter for the State to provide a legal structure to regulate transfer and resolve disputes. Experience in Eastern Europe has shown the poverty of the neo-classical approach which the institutions are supposed to possess.There is no proper legal structure enabling the Sta te to establish and legitimize the rights of ownership, or the overallregulation by the State inherent in 20th century capitalismo By supposing that the performance of an economy can be independent of the specifics of each society, there have been serious conceptual errors which have led to unfounded optimism on economic reforms and a simplistic view of privatization. In the initíal stages, the constructíon of the State could be the best strategy for successful economíc reformo ironically, the best form of assístance whích the governments of the west could províde would be to support the development of State institutíons settíng the rules whích could regulate exchange

Instances and connectors : issues for a second generation process language

This work is supported by UK EPSRC grants GR/L34433 and GR/L32699Over the past decade a variety of process languages have been defined, used and evaluated. It is now possible to consider second generation languages based on this experience. Rather than develop a second generation wish list this position paper explores two issues: instances and connectors. Instances relate to the relationship between a process model as a description and the, possibly multiple, enacting instances which are created from it. Connectors refers to the issue of concurrency control and achieving a higher level of abstraction in how parts of a model interact. We believe that these issues are key to developing systems which can effectively support business processes, and that they have not received sufficient attention within the process modelling community. Through exploring these issues we also illustrate our approach to designing a second generation process language.Postprin

The global mobility divide: How visa policies have evolved over time.

While visa policies are the major instrument for regulating and controlling the global flow of people, little is known about how they have changed over time. Accordingly, scholars have expressed the need for large-N datasets which cover more than one point in time. This article takes up this challenge and presents a for the first time a global overview of the changes in visa waiver policies based on a newly created database containing the visa waiver policies of over 150 countries for 1969 and 2010. We find that, on average, visa-free mobility has in-creased over the past 40 years. However, not everybody has benefited from these develop-ments. In fact, visa waivers are increasingly unequally divided: While citizens of OECD countries and rich countries have gained mobility rights, mobility rights for other regions have stagnated or even diminished, in particular for citizens from African countries. Overall, we find a clear bifurcation in mobility rights, leading to a ‘global mobility divide’

Model International Mobility Convention

While people are as mobile as they ever were in our globalized world, the movement of people across borders lacks global regulation. This leaves many refugees in protracted displacement and many migrants unprotected in irregular and dire situations. Meanwhile, some states have become concerned that their borders have become irrelevant. International mobility—the movement of individuals across borders for any length of time as visitors, students, tourists, labor migrants, entrepreneurs, long-term residents, asylum seekers, or refugees—has no common definition or legal framework. To address this key gap in international law, and the growing gaps in protection and responsibility that are leaving people vulnerable, the "Model International Mobility Convention" proposes a framework for mobility with the goals of reaffirming the existing rights afforded to mobile people (and the corresponding rights and responsibilities of states) as well as expanding those basic rights where warranted. In 213 articles divided over eight chapters, the Convention establishes both the minimum rights afforded to all people who cross state borders as visitors, and the special rights afforded to tourists, students, migrant workers, investors and residents, forced migrants, refugees, migrant victims of trafficking and migrants caught in countries in crisis. Some of these categories are covered by existing international legal regimes. However, in this Convention these groups are for the first time brought together under a single framework. An essential feature of the Convention is that it is cumulative. This means, for the most part, that the chapters build on and add rights to the set of rights afforded to categories of migrants covered by earlier chapters. The Convention contains not only provisions that afford rights to migrants and, to a lesser extent, States (such as the right to decide who can enter and remain in their territory). It also articulates the responsibilities of migrants vis-à-vis States and the rights and responsibilities of different institutions that do not directly respond to a right held by migrants

"Dual Nationality in Germany, Changing European Norms, and International Relations"

A contradiction exists between dual nationality as a practical solution to domestic political problems and international norms against dual nationality as practical solutions to international problems. A political movement has grown in Germany which advocates allowing dual nationality so as to facilitate the naturalization and political incorporation of Germany's migrant population. The proliferation of dual nationality, however, raises the potential for conflict of nationality laws among states that had been (at least partially) resolved through the acceptance of a set of international legal norms against dual nationality. This paper examines this conflict through a review of the politics of dual nationality in Germany, assesses the potential for dual nationality becoming a new European norm, and explores the broader theoretical implications of such a new norm for international relations

"Political Implications of European Citizenship for a Federal European Union"

[From the Introduction]. The argument proceeds as follows. In the first section, I outline the conflict between democracy and federalism in the abstract and identify problems that will be elucidated using historical and contemporary examples in the subsequent sections. In the second section, I demonstrate the problem resident aliens pose for democracy, examine the distinction between jus soli and jus sanguinis and review the political problems of inclusion that arise from that distinction. In the third section, I describe the development of European citizenship leading up to the Maastricht Agreement. In the fourth section, I argue that dual state\supra-state citizenship is hallmark of federalism but, due to the nature of European citizenship, the political union emerging from the Maastricht agreement differs from traditional federal models such as the United States and Germany. (3) In fifth section, I assess the recent controversy over European citizenship and argue that the differing structure of political union resulting from European citizenship could make the European Union susceptible to unconventional sources of jurisdictional and political conflicts, change the political dynamics of the accession of new members, and severely-complicate any future act of secession. In sixth section, I assess trends in intra-EC migration and evaluate their political significance for the future. In the conclusion, I summarize the core argument and offer a research agenda in the form of an exploration of possible theoretical solutions to the dilemma initially posed

Instituciones de mercado, reforma en Europa del Este y teoría económica

The crumbling of the totalitarian States has renewed interest in the institutions. This article shows that the transition from socialism to a market economy entails the development of a number of institutions, including the market itself. A new system of ownershíp has to be worked out to form a market where ownership can be easily transferred. The ease of transfer is a matter for the State to provide a legal structure to regulate transfer and resolve disputes. Experience in Eastern Europe has shown the poverty of the neo-classical approach which the institutions are supposed to possess.There is no proper legal structure enabling the Sta te to establish and legitimize the rights of ownership, or the overallregulation by the State inherent in 20th century capitalismo By supposing that the performance of an economy can be independent of the specifics of each society, there have been serious conceptual errors which have led to unfounded optimism on economic reforms and a simplistic view of privatization. In the initíal stages, the constructíon of the State could be the best strategy for successful economíc reformo ironically, the best form of assístance whích the governments of the west could províde would be to support the development of State institutíons settíng the rules whích could regulate exchange.El derrumbe de los estados totalitarios ha renovado el interés por las instituciones. Este trabajo muestra que la transición del socialismo a economías de mercado exige desarrollar muchas instituciones, incluido el mercado mismo. Se requiere establecer un nuevo sistema de derechos de propiedad para construir un mercado donde estos se transfieran en forma rutinaria. La rutinización requiere una estructura legal del Estado para regular las transferencias y resolver los conflictos entre las partes. La experiencia de Europa de Este muestra la pobreza del enfoque neoclásico que supone dadas a las instituciones: no puede considerar en forma adecuada la estructura legal que provee el Estado para establecer y legitimar los derechos de propiedad, ni la regulación estatal generalizada inherente al capitalismo del siglo veinte. Al suponer el comportamiento económico puede separarse de las especifidades de cada sociedad, cae en errores conceptuales que llevan a un optimismo infundado sobre la reforma económica y a una visión ingenua de la privatización. En las fases iniciales, la construcción del Estado puede ser la mejor estrategia de una reforma económica exitosa. Irónicamente, la mejor ayuda que puedan prestar los gobiernos occidentales es apoyar el desarrollo de las instituciones estatales que fijen las reglas para organizar el intercambio

Instituciones de mercado, reforma en Europa del Este y teoría económica

El derrumbe de los estados totalitarios ha renovado el interés Por las instituciones. Este trabajo muestra que la transición del socialismo a economías de mercado exige desarrollar muchas instituciones, incluido el mercado mismo. Se requiere establecer un nuevo sistema de derechos de propiedad para constituir un mercado donde estos se transfieran en forma rutinaria. La rutinización requiere una estructura legal del estado para regular las transferencias y resolver los conflictos entre las partes. La experiencia de Europa del Este muestra la pobreza del enfoque neoclásico que supone dadas a las instituciones no puede considerar en forma adecuada la estructura legal que provee el estado para establecer y legitimar los derechos de propiedad, ni la regulación estatal generalizada inherente al capitalismo del siglo veinte. Al suponer Que el comportamiento económico puede separarse de las especificidades de cada sociedad, cae en errores conceptuales que llevan a un optimismo infundado sobre la reforma económica y a una visión ingenua de la privatización. En las fases iniciales, la construcción del estado puede ser la mejor estrategia para una reforma económica exitosa. Irónicamente, la mejor ayuda que puedan prestar los gobiernos occidentales es apoyar el desarrollo de instituciones estatales que fijen las reglas para organizar el itercambio.Cuadernos de Economía, 14(20), Bogotá, 1994